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عمومی::
برونده قلبی، برونده قلبی، برون ده قلبی، برونده قلبی
decreases in cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and metabolic rate as well as impaired glucose tolerance associated with its hyper- glycemic state. ftese metabolic variables gradually increase within the first 5 days after injury to a plateau phase (called the flow phase), characteristically associated with hyperdynamic circula- tion and the hypermetabolic state.12,14 Insulin release during this time was found to be twice that of controls in response to glucose load,15 and plasma glucose levels are markedly elevated, indicating the development of an insulin resistance.15 Current understanding has been that these metabolic alterations resolve soon after com- plete wound closure.
Immediately after a burn injury, patients have low cardiac output characteristic of early shock.
However, 3 to 4 days after the burn injury, cardiac output is more than 1.5 times that of nonburned, healthy volunteers.14 fte heart rate of pediatric burn patients approaches 1.6 times that of nonburned, healthy volun- teers.12 After a burn injury, patients have increased cardiac work.5 Myocardial oxygen consumption surpasses that of marathon runners and is sustained well into the rehabilitative period.
Changes are demonstrated in resting energy expenditure (REE), stress hormones (epinephrine), cardiac function (cardiac output), gender hormones (testosterone), cytokines (interleukin-6), and body composition (lean body mass).
resistance, and subsequent decreased cardiac output immediately after injury.،Oxygen delivery (DO2) to organs and tissues depends on flow generated by the heart (cardiac output, CO) and arterial oxygen content.
In case of hypoxemia and/or low CO states, Hb concentration may play a key role in preventing tissue hypoxia and cellular dysfunction.
, albuterol), especially when administered via intravenous route, and the increase in cardiac output cause an increase in ventilation/perfusion mismatch and could potentially have an adverse effect on outcomes [13].،Cardiac output is a measure of the efficiency of the
Cardiac output varies with an individual's age.
The cardiac output of children is less than that of adults both at rest and during exercise.
Functionally, the lower cardiac output does not affect a child's level of activity because even with less hemoglobin than an adult, the child efficiently extracts oxygen from the blood.
In addition, the small body size of children and their ability to easily dissipate heat over their relatively large body surface area enables them to function with a smaller cardiac output.
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